1 Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine and Sacrum. Bogduk N. Third edition 1997. Churchill Livingstone ISBN 0-443-06014-2. (Full text).

2 Could sudden increases in physical activity cause degeneration of intervertebral discs? Adams MA, Dolan P. Lancet 1997 Sep 6;350 (9079):734-5. (Full Text).

3 Mechanical Initiation of intervertebral disc degeneration. Adams MA, Freeman BJC, Morrison HP, Nelson IW, Dolan P. Spine 2000;25 (13):1625-1636. (Full text)

4 Sudden and unexpected loading generates high forces on the lumbar spine. Mannion AF, Adams MA, Dolan P. Spine 2000 Apr 1;25 (7):842-852. (Abstract from text).

5 The loads on the lumbar spine during extreme weight lifting. Granhed H, Jonson R, Hansson T. Spine 1987 Mar;12(2):146-9. (Abstract from text).

6 Fatigue fracture morphology in human lumbar motion segments. Hansson T, Keller T, Jonson R. J Spinal Disord 1988;1(1):33-8. (Absract from text).

7 Disc pressure measurements. Nachemson AL. Spine 1981 Jan-Feb;6 (1):93-7. (Full text).

8 The long-term effects of rally driving on spinal pathology. Videman T, Simonen R, Usenius J, Osterman K, Battie M. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2000 Feb;15(2):83-6. (Abstract From text)

9 Localized stresses in the intervertebral disc resulting from a loose fragment. A theory for fissure and fragment. Aspden RM, Porter RW. Spine 1999 Nov 1;24(21):2214-8. (Abstract from text)

10 Physical activity and the strength of the lumbar spine. Porter RW, Adams MA, Hutton WC. Spine 1989 Feb;14(2):201-3. (Abstract from text).

11 Relation between the structure of the annulus fibrosus and the function and failure of the intervertebral disc. Hickey DS, Hukins DW. Spine 1980 Mar-Apr;5(2):106-16. (Abtract from text).

12 Severe sciatica: a 13 year follow up of 342 patients. Nykvist F, Hurme M, Alaranta, Kaitsaari M. Euro Spine 1995;4(6):335-8. (Full text).

13 Lumbar disc High Intensity Zone. Correlation of Magnetic resonance imaging and discography. Schellhas KP, Pollei SR, Gundry CR, Heithoff KB. Spine 1996;21(1):79-86 (Abstract from text).

14 Diskography. Schellhas KP. Spine, State of the Art Reveiws, Spinal Imaging; ISSN 0887 9869, ISBN 1-56053-186-X. (Pages 31-38).

15 Prolapsed intervertebral disc. A hyperflexion injury. Adams MA, Hutton WC. Spine 1982;7:184-191. (Abstract from text).

16 Gradual disc prolapse. Adams MA, Hutton WC. Spine 1985;10:524- 531. (Abstract from text).

17 Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS et al. J Bone Jt Surg 1990;72-A 3 403-408. (Abstract from text).

18 The diagnostic accuracy of MRI, work perception, and psychosocial factors in identifying symptomatic disc hisniations. Boos N, Rieder R, Schade V, Spratt KF, Semmer N, Aebi M. Spine 1995;20:2613-25. (Abstract from text).

19 The relation between bone mineral content, experimental compression fractures, and disc degeneration in lumbar vertebra. Hansson T, Roos B. Spine 1981;6(2):147-153. (full text).

20 Prediction of the compressive strength of human lumbar vertebrae. Brinckmann P, Biggemann M, Hilweg D (1989). Clin Biomech 1989;4 (Supplement 2). (Abstract from text).

21 The short-term effects of chymopapain on intervertebral discs. Dolan P, Adams MA, Hutton WC. J Bone Jt Surg1987;69-B 422-428. (Abstract from text).

22 Bending and compressive stresses acting on the lumbar spine during lifting activities. Dolan P, Earley M, Adams MA. J Biomech 1994;27:1237-1248. (Abstract from text).

23 Gordon SJ, Yang KH, Mayer PJ, Mace AH, Kish VL, Radin EL. Mechanism of disc rupture - a preliminary report. Spine 1991;16 (4):450-6. (Absract from text).

24 Can the lumbar spine be crushed in heavy lifting? Hutton WC, Adams MA. Spine 1982;7:309-313. (Abstract from text).

25 Can intervertebral disc prolapse be predicted from disc mechanics? McNally DS, Adams MA, Goodship AE Spine 1993;(18)11:1525-30. (Abstract from text).

26 A longitudinal study of the matrix changes induced in the intervertebral disc by surgical damage to the annulus fibrosus. Melrose J, Ghosh P, Taylor TKF, Osti OL et al. J Orthop Res 1992;10:665-676. (Abstract from text).

27 Antologous nulceus pulposus induces neurophysiologic and histologic changes in porcine cauda equina nerve roots. Olmarker K, Rydevik B, Nordborg C. Spine 1993;(18)11:1425-32. (Abstract from text).

28 Annulus tears and intervertebral disc degeneration: an experimental study using an animal model. Osti OL, Vernon-Roberts B, Fraser RD. Spine 1990;15 8 762-767. (Abstract from text).

29 Genetic influences on cervical and lumbar disc degeneration. Sambrook PN, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1999;42:366-72. (Abstract from text).

30 Compression fractures of the vertebra during major epileptic seizures. Vascancelos D. Epilepsia 1973;14:323-8. (full text).

31 An epidemiological study of lifting and twisting on the job and risk for acute prolapsed lumbar intevertebral disc. Kelsey JL, Githens PB, White AA, Holford TR, et al. J Orthop Res 1984;2:61-66. (Abstract from text).

32 An epidemiologic study of sports and weight lifting as possible risk factors for herniated lumbar and cervical discs. Mundt DJ, Kelsey JL, Golden AL, Panjabi MM, Pastides H, Berg AT, Sklar J, Hosea T. Am J Sports Med 1993 Nov-Dec;21(6):854-60. (Abstract from text).

33 An epidemiologic study of non-occupational lifting as a risk factor for herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. The Northeast Collaborative Group on Low Back Pain. Mundt DJ, Kelsey JL, Golden AL, Pastides H, Berg AT, Sklar J, Hosea T, Panjabi MM. Spine 1993 Apr;18(5):595-602. (Abstract from text).

34 Lumbar disc high-intensity zone: the value and significance of provocative discography in the determination of the discogenic pain source. Lam KS, Carlin D, Mulholland RC. Eur Spine 2000 Feb;9 (1):36-41. (Full text plus Abstract ).

35 Effects of hydrostatic pressure on matrix synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase production in the human lumbar intervertebral disc. Handa T, Ishihara H, Ohshima H, Osada R, Tsuji H, Obata K. Spine 1997 May 15;22(10):1085-91. (Abstract from text).

36 Painful lumbar disc derangement: relevance of endplate abnormalities at MR Imaging. Weishaupt D, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Min K, Fuchs B, Pfirrmann C, Boos N. Radiology 2001 Feb;218(2):420-7. (Abstract from text).

37 Inflammatogenic properties of nucleus pulposus. Olmarker K, Blomquist J, Stromberg J, Nannmark U, Thomsen P, Rydevik B. Spine 1995 Mar 15;20(6):665-9. (Abstract from text).

38 In vivo intradiscal pressure measurement in healthy individuals and in patients with ongoing back problems. Sato K, Kikuchi S, Yonezawa T. Spine 1999 Dec 1;24(23):2468-74. (Abstract from text).

39 1991 Volvo Award in clinical sciences. Smoking and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration: an MRI study of identical twins. Battie MC, Videman T, Gill K, Moneta GB, Nyman R, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Spine 1991 Sep;16(9):1015-21. (Abstract from text).